Application of intercropping systems is one of the ecological methods for controlling weeds due to maximization of soil cover and plant diversity. In order to study the effect of intercropping system of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L. ) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ) on biodiversity, weeds population changes and plant yield an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Jiroft, Iran, during 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments were additive and replacement series of intercropping including: I100: H100, I100: H50, I50: H100, I50: H50 and monoculture of indigo and roselle. The results showed that the density and biomass of Amaranth, Cyprus and other weeds (Heliotropium europaeum L., Heliotropium europaeum L. and Portulaca oleracea L. ) were significant by intercropping of indigo and roselle. Amaranth weed density in I100: H100, I50: H100 and I100: H50 were 57. 44, 81. 5 and 70. 38%, respectively, lower than roselle monoculture. The highest of Cyprus weed density was in indigo and roselle monoculture and I50: H50 intercropping ratio. The density of other weeds in I50: H50, I50: H100, I100: H50 and I100: H100 ratio were 44. 4, 48. 2, 51. 8 and 77. 7 % lower than monoculture. Weed biomass in I100: H100, I10: H50 and I50: H100 ratio were decreased by 25. 44, 23. 38 and 15. 98 % in comparison to monoculture, respectively. The highest yield of roselle (1114. 2 kg/ha) and leaf dry weight (3016. 7 kg/ha) of indigo was observed in I100: H100 ratio. The values of the land equivalent ratio (LER) in all of intercropping treatments were greater than unit and the highest LER belonged to H100: I100 treatment, indicating that intercropping system outperforms the monoculture in terms of crop productivity and hence weed control.

Background: Acute poisoning with organ ophosphorus (OP) pesticides is a common method of suicide and entails considerable mortality in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and outcomes of a protocol for treatment of OP poisoning that included titrated Incremental atropine as loading dose and slow infusion for maintenance.Methods: In this prospective descriptive case series, definitive OP poisoned patients were enrolled in an adult medicine unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from April 2006 to April 2007. Clinical examinations were done as soon as the patient entered the ward. Patient’s demographics, comorbid conditions and the occurrence of specific clinical outcomes including death, need for assisted ventilation and clinical complications were recorded. The patients were treated according to the protocol.Results: A total of 56 patients were enrolled over the study period. The median age of the study population was 22.5 years. Most patients were men (67.8%). The most common clinical presentation was miosis (58.9%). In total, 11 patients died (19.6%). Intermediate syndrome developed in 12 patients (21.4%) and 6 of them died. Assisted ventilation was required in 16 cases (28.5). Patients with diastolic blood pressure £ 70 mmHg and/or GCS £ 10 were significantly less likely to survive (P=0.02, 0.006, respectively). Moreover, early respiratory failure (P<0.001) and the need for assisted ventilation (P<0.001) were significantly higher among deceased cases. The mortality rate in this study was similar to previous studies. The frequency of atropine toxicity in the present study (1.8%) was considerably lower than conventional regimen used in previous studies.Conclusion: Using the new protocol, lower rate of atropine toxicity developed in victims. Hence, the new protocol appears to be safer and its effectiveness should be further evaluated in case control studies in Bangladesh.

There are many studies discussing the correlation between air pollution and human health hazards. Yet, in Tehran there is not a survey using time series methodology. Thus, we conducted a study based on time series data on the topic in Tehran, Iran. Mean levels of NO, NO2, NOX, CO, 03, SO2 and PM10 (particulate matters smaller than 10micrometer in diameter) were measured in one station of Tehran's Air Quality Control Corporation and were used as main independent variables. Mean temperature, mean humidity, day of the week, month and season were considered as potential confounders and deaths in people older than 64 years in Tehran was the dependent variable. All the variables were measured during Mar. 1998 to Dec. 1999. Concentrations of air pollutants were different between seasons and so were the means of daily deaths. Out of main independent variables, SO2, CO and PM10 showed statistically significant relations with the dependent variable (P<0.05). After controling for confounders, there was 3.4%, 2.6% and 3.36% increase in death rates, respectively, for each interquartile ascending (increase from 25th centile to 75th centile) in association to the mentioned pollutant centile concentration. No autocorrelation between residuals was observed (r= -0.059). The study showed that meteorological variables can confound the relation between air pollution and rate of deaths per day.  

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marginal seal is one of the most important factors for a successful restoration.It is commonly accepted that microleakage can be reduced by utilization of an Incremental filling procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different layering techniques on microleakage in direct class II composite restorations.METHODS & MATERIALS: 30 freshly extracted human premulars were used to prepare classll cavities, divided into 3 groups of 10 each (H, O, V).Each cavity was restorated with composite (Z250, 3M, ESPE) using 3 different filling technique.Group H was filled in horizontal /Group O was restorated by an oblique Incremental technique and group V by a vertical technique.Then teeth were immersed in Agnitrate 50% byW. And prepared for studing under the steeormicroscope 20×. The result of microleakage was compared among groups by kruskal-wallis test. (Pv>0.05) RESULT: There was no signtificant difference between the vertical and oblique Incremental filling comparing with the horizontal technique.